Homework 3

1. What are the characteristics of solutions, colloids, and suspensions? Solutions have solutes and solvents. A colloid is a substance that is spread throughout another substance. For example, if you stir squeeze lemon juice into water, it disperses itself throughout the whole pitcher of water. A suspension is similar to a colloid. However, a suspension will settle itself over time. For example, if you drop a handful of sand into water, it will disperse itself, like a colloid, but it will not mix itself throughout the bucket of water and will go down and settle at the bottom.
2. What happens to the particles of a solute when a solution forms? The solute is the substance that is mixed in with the solvent, which dissolves it and forms a solution. So, when the solution forms, the solute is spread throughout the substance.
3. How do solutes affect the freezing point and boiling point of a solvent? Depending on what the solute is, it can affect the solvent when it is mixed together.
4. Suppose you mix food coloring in water to make it blue. Have you made a solution or solution or a suspension? Explain. A solution because the food coloring doesn't settle like a suspension would. It stays spread throughout the water.
5. What effects do solutes have on a solvent’s freezing and boiling points? Isn't this the same as #3?

Objective 2: Concentration and Solubility

1. How is a concentration measured? By how much a substance is mixed in with another substance.
2. Why is solubility useful in identifying substances? Because it is the state of a solid, liquid, or gas-substance.
3. What factors affect the solubility of a substance? It depends on the solute, the temperature, and the pressure.
4. How does temperature affect the solubility of most solids?
5. How can solubility help you identify a substance?

Objective 3: Describing Acids and Bases

1. What are four properties of acids?
2. What are four properties of bases?
3. How can you use litmus paper to distinguish an acid from a base?
4. How might you tell if a food contains an acid as one of its ingredients?
5. Why is it wise to wear gloves when spreading fertilizer in a garden?

Objective 4: Acids and Bases in Solution

1. Which ion is found in acids?
2. Which kinds of ions do acids and bases form in water?
3. What ions will the acid HNO3 form when dissolved in water?
4. What does a substance’s pH tell you?
5. If a solution has a pH of 6, would the solution contain more or fewer hydrogen ons (H+) than an equal volume of solution with a pH of 3?

Objective 5: Digestion and pH

1. What are the two parts of digestion?
2. How do those two parts differ?
3. People who have lost most of their teeth may have trouble chewing their food. How does this affect their digestive process?
4. What is the pH in your mouth? Stomach? Small intestine?
5. Why are pH variations in different parts of the digestive system important to the process of digestion?

Objective 6: Key Terms

Define:

1. Acid
2. Neutralization
3. indicator
4. corrosive
5. hydroxide ion

Homework!

Objective 1: Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat

1. What are the three common temperature scales? Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.
2. How is the thermal energy related to temperature and heat? Temperature is the measure of the average motion of particles in a substance. Thermal energy is all the energy within the substance of that object. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy.
3. What does having a high specific heat mean? Heat is energy transfered from one thing to another. If it has a high specific temperature, it means the the first object passing heat to the other has a great thermal contact. This is basically the passing of heat from one object to another.
4. Why does an ice cube melt in your hand? The thermal energy in your hand passes the heat from your hand to the ice cube. Since the ice is cold, the heat melts it.
5. Why do some materials get hot more quickly than others? They have more thermal energy.

Objective 2: Scales

1. How do thermometers measure temperature? When the heat increases, the liquid inside the thermometer gets bigger, or expands. When the heat decreases, it shrinks back down.
2. WHow are the three temperature scales alike? How are they different? They are the same because they all measure temperature. They all have a typical freezing point and a boiling point. Fahrenheit's freezing point is 32oF; the boiling is 212oF. Celsius's: 0oC; 100oC. Kelvin: 273.15oK; 373.15oK.
3. Convert 5.0 C to Fahrenheit.  5 * 1.8 = 9 + 32 = 41oF
4. The surface temperature on the planet Venus can reach 860 F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius. 860 - 32 = 828 / 1.8 = 460oC
5. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 5 kg’s of water by 10 K? 5 * 4080 * 10 = 204000J

Objective 3: The Transfer of Heat

1. What are the three forms of heat transfer? Conduction, Convection, Radiation. 
2. In what direction does heat move? Up
3. How are conductors and insulators different? Conductors transfer thermal energy well, while insulators do not. Conductors are things like stainless steel and silver; Insulators are things like wood, wool, straw, paper, and air.
4. Would a copper pipe work better as a conductor or insulator? Why do you think so? Conductor because thermal energy would be able to pass through it easily.
5. Suppose you are camping on a mountain, and the air temperature is very cold. How would you keep warm? Would you build a fire or set up a tent? Write an explanation for each action you would take. Tell whether conduction, convection or radiation is involved with each heat transfer. I personally would build a fire and set up a tent, not either/or. However using insulators such as wool to keep you warm are good, because it can trap the heat. This is ... convection?

Objective 4: Thermal Energy and Matter

1. What causes matter to change state? The movement of the atoms.
2. What happens to a substance as thermal energy increases? It heats up.
3. Why does the temperature of matter remain the same while the matter changes state? Because the temperature rises, but anything else, such as the matter, is determined on its chemical makeup?
4. What causes a solid to melt? When the object obtains heat, the temperature of that object rises.
5. Why should you poke holes in a potato before baking it? Because a potato is mostly all water, so you have to let it out or it will overheat and burn. Also, so the heat can get inside the potato potato.

Objective 5: Using Heat

1. How do heat engines use thermal energy?  A heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink". Heat is transferred from the source, through the "working body" of the engine, to the sink, and in this process some of the heat is converted into work by exploiting the properties of a working substance (usually a gas or liquid). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine
2. How are internal combustion engines different from external combustion engines? How are they similar? They're both engines........... An internal combustion engine has an expanding high-temperature, which means it obtains heat. An external combustion engine is a substance (i.e. air and water) which is boiled in a boiler.
3. Why do you think modern cars use internal rather than external combustion engines? Because it is direct, instead of a sort-of two step process, which would allow the car to go faster. It takes in the heat, expands, and zoom. The other one would have to be heated up separately.
4. What changes of state occur in the refrigerant of a refrigerator? When you open the door, heat goes into the coldness, warming it up somewhat. NEVER the cold goes out; your argument is invalid. 
5. If the compressor in a refrigerator stopped working, how would its failure affect the heat transfer cycle? FAIL. This question distracts me. There would be nothing to generate its cycle, so a bunch of heat would come in and all the food/milk/etc would go nasty.

Objective 6: In Hot Water Lab

Goal: Build a containter for a 355 mL aluminum can that keeps water hot.

Your container must:
- minimize the loss of thermal energy from the hot water
- be built from materials approved by Mr H
- have insulation no thicker than 3 cm.
- not use electricity or heating chemicals (hand warmers, etc)

With a group of classmates or yourself, brainstorm different materials that prevent heat loss. Write a plan for how you will test these materials. Include a list of things you will test when doing your tests. Test out your ideas to determine the best insulating materials. Keep a log of your results in your lab notebook. Then bring the device to class!

Possible Exam Questions

1. Gamma rays are what type of energy and how are they dangerous?
A: Gamma rays are electromagnetic energy and they are extremely dangerous. They can be used in a process called "irradiation", which is used to kill living organisms. Also, if the radiation "goes off" it can totally annihilate everything.

2. If a box is 10 ft long, 15 ft wide, and 20 ft tall, what is the volume of the box's container?
A. 3000 ft^3 (cubed) ..... The volume of the object is the same as its container.

Homework!

Objective 1: Measuring Matter
1. Why is mass more useful than weight for measuring matter? Mass takes up space and is made of matter, therefore it would be more useful to weigh matter in mass than a regular weight like lbs, etc.
2. A plastic box is 15.3 cm long, 9.0 cm wide and 4.5 cm high. What is the volume? Include units. 619.65cm^3 (cubed)
3. What is the unit of measurement for density? grams
4. Please write the formula for finding density. d = g/v
5. What is the formula for finding volume? L x W x H

Objective 2: Changes in Matter1. What is the main difference between a physical change and a chemical change? Chemical is the bonds between adams (cough) atoms; Physical change is the motion of the atoms (transforms into kinetic)
2. What are the four ways that chemical changes can occur? Ionic bonds, metallic bonds, covalent bonds, anionic bonds (?)
3. What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? Who created the law? Antoine Lavoisier and it states that matter can not be created nor destroyed.4. How are temperature and thermal energy different? Temperature is the measure of the average motion of the particles in a substance. Thermal energy is the particles moving around.
5. Please give an example of an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction. Exothermic produces heat. Ex- Elephant toothpaste. When hydrogen peroxide combines, it goes boom and heats up. Endothermic: It gets cold. Ex- Freezing water (?)

Objective 3: Energy and Matter

1. What are some of the forms of energy related to changes in matter? Potential, Kinetic, Chemical, Thermal, Electric, Electromagnetic
2. A rolling bowling ball has __kinetic__ energy.
3. A bowling ball sitting still has __potential__ energy.
4. What is electromagnetic energy? A type of energy that has to do with giving out or taking in energy from objects in the form of electrical waves, or radiation.
5. What is the energy of electrons moving from one place to another? Please give an example. Electric energy. Ex- the atoms travelling from an electrical chord to power laptops, etc.

Objective 4: State Changes

1. How does the thermal energy of particles at a warmer temperature compare to the thermal energy of particles at a cooler temperature? When it's at a warmer temperature, the atoms are moving around and excited-like. When it's cooler, they're more calm and still.
2. Why does ice cream melt on a warm summer day? Because the temperature is warm, making the particles in the ice cream to jump around (thermal energy). The pressure of it causes it to melt.
3. What does the melting point of particles have to do with vibrating particles? When the pressure of the vibrating particles reaches melting point, it melts.
4. When does condensation occur? When particles begin to melt. (ex. When you take a cold water bottle outside in the hot weather, it beings to condensate.)
5. Sublimation results under which conditions? Sublimation is when a solid goes to a gas (or gas to solid), skipping the liquid stage. An example would be dry ice, as it freezes, yet when it reacts with water, it steams up and goes to a gas (?)

Objective 5: Boyle's Law (Click Here for More Info)

1. What relationship is described by Boyle's Law? Pressure and volume.2. Why do scientists only HALF fill high-altitude balloons? "While one doubles, the other halves." If the volume and pressure are full, temperature must be half.
3. What is the formula for Boyle's Law? pV = k
4. How does Boyle's Law apply to physicians? Taking a guess here by saying when they take your blood pressure?
5. SCUBA divers rely on Boyle's Law for what purposes? Taking another guess here by saying when they go down into the ocean, the pressure of the water and everything has to stay regulated by using this law?

Objective 6: Charles' Law (Click Here for More Info)1. What is Charles' Law? It shows how gases expand as they get warmer.
2. As the temperature of a gas increases, the gas molecules move more __room to expand__.
3. Who was the first person to fly in a hydrogen balloon? Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rosier and Francois Laurent d'Arlandes.
4. What happened to Charles' balloon after his first flight in 1783? Hahaha, local peasants destroyed it with pitchforks. But the part you're probably looking for is when the hot gas cooled, the balloon contracted.
5. What factor is kept unchanged when demonstrating Charles' Law? k (constant) pressure stays same.

Elephant Toothpaste

Lyndsey and I made elephant toothpaste for our Chemical Reactions experiment. We used Hydrogen Peroxide 3/30%, yeast, dish soap, and GLITTER. ;D

The kiddie version of this experiment used 3% Hydrogen Peroxide. It didn't make as big of an explosion, but it was still pretty cool.

The big version was awesome, even though we kind of failed. The smell was bad though :|. The reason it exploded was the Hydrogen Peroxide reacting with the yeast, which breaks the stuff down.

Yup. Lyndsey's supposed to post a video. So.. visit it!

Kthxbai

Im bored.

How do we know what we know about electrons if they're so small?

Good question. I'll get back with you on that.

...

(45 minutes later *exits off twitter [lie]*)

Okay, so how DO we know what we know about electrons if they're so small?

Well, how do we know about atoms if they're so small?????? (Actually, atoms are quite huge, technically) :D

That's rhetorical, Elizabeth. Don't comment.

Okay, seriously. Geez. AD/HD.

Well, technically, we don't know FOR SURE if it's actually correct. I mean, come on, it's invisible to the human eye, so that should tell ya somethin. But we are pretty sure what we know is true based on the consistency of what we've learned.

*P.S. Do I need to add more details, Mr. H?
*P.P.S Your name in my phone is Twitter Buddy.
*P.P.P.S www3.nsta.org/main/news/stories/science_and_children.php?category_ID=86&news_story_ID=51054

Science Test for Test 1

Voila! Take it! >:) Pweaseee

Science Test 1



Made by Emilee Griffith






1. Democritus’ theory was . . .






___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________






2. Who named the proton?






A. Dalton B. Rutherford


C. Democritus D. Thomson






3. True / False (circle) : Chadwick discovered the neutron.






4. Look at the element ‘ Germanium ’ . Name the amount of protons, neutrons, and electrons.






Protons_______Neutrons_______Electrons


_________






5. Choose a scientist we have studied, and describe how he used the scientific method. Describe how your scientist differs from Democritus’ use of the scientific method.






________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In scienceeee...

Bored.

UGHRAWR. Im bored, and no ones up D:

Im so alone :*(

The OFFICIAL Science Definition of Lambert >:)

So, while on Twitter last night (:
 Mr. Harrelson sent me a link.
  I thought it was awesome. :p


Official Definition of Lambert in Scienceness Terms


A unit of luminance in the centimeter-gram-second system, equivalent to the luminance of a perfectly diffusing surface that emits or reflects one lumen per square centimeter. The lambert is named after the Swiss mathematician and physicist Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777).

HW of Scieceness 1

As much as I'd like to use Dalton as my scientist to annoy Sara, I am doing Rutherford.

Whyyyy?

Because he totally ownd Democritus.

Howwww?

Democritus wondered, what would happen if you cut, let's say, bread, into a piece so small it could not be cut again. "Atomos" means uncuttable, in probably Latin or Greek or somethin fancy like that. This was about all Democritus did.

HOWEVER ...

Rutherford actually carried out pieces of the scientific method, such as designing an experiment (The Gold Foil Experiment). He also proved his teacher Thomson wrong. (BWAHAHA! >:D)

So yeah, take that Democritus. :p

It's Ef F I N Science on G4 ... Yup.

Testing blogger via sms for the first time ...

New Design + Gadgets!!

Woo, gadgets are uppppp! Mostly Twitter RSS feeds, but when I get home I'll do pictures! :D YAY PICTURES FTW :D


All for now :p

Lambertium is a TWIN ELEMENT?!?!? WHAAAAA!?!?

As of 8.1 English class, 8/30/10, at 2:11 PM, I discovered within my brain that Lambertium, my super sparkly element, has a TWIN ELEMENT!! :D *OMGZ*


Now, how is this possible?


Well, thanks to Atoms (Pun intended), Glamberts (Or just Emilees xD) everywhere have been able to discover Ratliffion! This element consists of 2 Atoms. Lambertium consists of 1 Atom, obviously. ;p


More on this incredible discovery later! :D

Elements..Atoms...

Well, I'm a little late on the extra credit, but I have decided to share with you all my made up element anyways. :p ... Lambertium!


Hahaha, for those of you who have no clue what I'm referring to, you obviously don't know me that well.


To Mr. Harrelson: My favorite part of your whole entire class today was when you said "For the love of atoms." Pun intended. ;)
Haha, see ya on twitter!